globalization,effects,advantages,disadvantages,benefits and definations

Globalization

What is Globalization?

Is globalization a force for economic growth, prosperity, and democratic freedom? Or is it a force for environmental devastation, exploitation of the developing world, and suppression of human rights?

In our world, there are few places a person can’t get to within a day of travel, and few people a person can’t reach via telephone or Internet. Because of modern modes of travel and communication, citizens of a nation are more conscious of the world at large and may be influenced by other cultures in a variety of ways. Time and space matter less, and even language barriers are being overcome as people all over the world communicate through trade, social Internet forums, various media sources, and a variety of other ways.

DISADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION:

Understand that when you hear the words “Global Community” or “Globalization” from today’s so-called “leaders”, they mean the New World Order.

Since many people have picked up on the New World Order slogan, the world’s elite have gone to using Globalization instead.

Therefore, the problems arising from Globalization are the same as those from the plan for a New World Order.

The plans are the same.

It’s just that “Globalization” doesn’t have the same horrific mental images that people have come to associate with the New World Order term.

Negative Effects of Globalization:

According to estimates from World Development Indicators, “Women work two-thirds of the world’s working hours, produce half of the world’s food, but earn only ten percent of the world’s income, and own less than one percent of the world’s property (Tomlinson)”. According to Vandana Shivea, and Indian ecofeminist and scholar, globalization along with the support of organizations such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, have created slave wages. These wages are not necessarily the result of “unjust” societies, but of the fact that global trade devalues the worth of people’s lives and work (Aujla). While globalization has brought jobs to rural, developing areas such as India where there was previously no employment, these jobs seem to be wolves in sheep’s clothing. The work available to women is almost always poorly paid, mentally and physically unhealthy, demeaning, or insecure.

Women are suffering two fold. As women in developing countries move into the work force, their domestic responsibilities are not alleviated. Women work two full time jobs. One in a factory, where they are paid next to nothing, the second is in the home where they are paid nothing (Moghadam). According to Merlin A. Taber and Sushma Batra, editors of the book Social Strains of Globalization in India, development for poor women has meant the migration of men to cities, higher prices for commodities, poorer job opportunities. “The mixture of corporate capitalism and Western culture models is dissolving family and community social controls as witnessed by higher rates of family violence, rape, divorce, and family breakdown.”

One example of women’s labor being exploited would be the Noida Export Processing Zone, which is 24 km from New Delhi. These “zones” prefer to hire women because they are “more docile and more productive in men.” In short, they are easier to control and less likely to retaliate against less than ideal working conditions, which are exactly what thousands of women encounter 12 hours a day. The zone is dangerous, hot, and unsanitary. Unnecessary body searches are routine. There are no maternity benefits and minimum wage is never enforced. Women who become pregnant or marry are immediately fired. Overtime is compulsory but women are paid lower rates than men. In order to avoid being fired, women turn to unsafe abortions performed by unqualified “doctors.” In the zone, “respiratory problems, pelvic inflammatory disease, and sever cases of dehydration and anemia are common.” (Rajalakshmi)

Advantages of Globalization:

Goods and people are transported with more easiness and speed

• the possibility of war between the developed countries decreases
• free trade between countries increases
• global mass media connects all the people in the world
• as the cultural barriers reduce, the global village dream becomes more realistic
• there is a propagation of democratic ideals
• the interdependence of the nation-states increases
• as the liquidity of capital increases, developed countries can invest in developing ones
• the flexibility of corporations to operate across borders increases
• the communication between the individuals and corporations in the world increases
• environmental protection in developed countries increases

Meaning Of Globalization:

growth to a global or worldwide scale.
"The globalization of the communication industry."

The technological development that characterizes the past two decades has triggered a communicational enhancement around the globe. Interconnectedness between people is greater everyday; goods, services, money, and information are exchanged between the furthermost parts of the world. International travel and communication now represent ordinary aspects of life. This phenomenon is called globalization.

Economic Globalization:

International trade is the cross-border trade in goods and services. On these pages, it is measured by the sum of imports and exports, divided by the GDP of a national economy. The growth of international trade is a straightforward indication of economic globalization. When US residents, for example, read labels on their clothes showing they are made in China, Malaysia or Mexico, or decide to purchase a car made in South Korea, their sense of global connectedness is immediate.

Investment is the conversion of money into some form of property from which an income or profit is expected to be derived. Foreign direct investments (FDI) are flows of money into a country that purchase a lasting stake in an enterprise for a foreign investor. These investments are direct in the sense that the investor purchases ownership rights in a specific company, rather than in a portfolio of stocks held by a broker, say. FDI does not include short-term investments, portfolio investments or currency flows.

Foreign Direct Investment is an indication of growing transnational ownership of production assets. It is a leading edge of economic globalization in the sense that increasing foreign ownership of productive may give direct influence over livelihoods and production. The implications of foreign ownership of production may include both positive and negative elements, depending on the perspective of the observer. Foreign investment has often been an important avenue for the transfer of skills and technology. At the same time, foreign investment puts workers under foreign control, and leads to foreign appropriation of profits.

Problems With Globalization:

The origin of the debt : the structural trade deficit of the United States, since 1967 ; Eurodollars must be seen as acknowledgement (recognition) of debt, not payment.

Impact of Globalization:

Unfortunately, globalization is not brought about by elementary school children writing to internet pen-pals (as cozy as that sounds). The real agents of globalization are our friends the multinational corporations - the ‘super-companies’. Globalization is nothing more than the product of the multinational corporation’s search for profit. So, rather than being driven by positive things like a wish to bring the world closer together, globalization is driven by corporations seeking to maximize profits, and part of that search for profits involves the search for cheaper labor. Many companies move into less developed countries to take advantage of the lack of organization of labor there which allows these companies to pay below subsistence-level wages.

how globalization affects the world?

The relationship between GNP and welfare, however, is not linear (fig), delineating cultural differences and peculiarities of each particular socio-political and economic region (Fig about family distribution ).

Once GNP per capita reaches about US$ 4000 increments of basic human welfare tend to be marginal .
Whilst very high deviations (over the line with a long gap ) are recorded mainly by socialist countries ( China, Cuba, Vietnam) and the “Western” countries ( North America, Europe and Australasia) , the most notable negative deviations (below the line with the highest gap)are recorded by two different groups of countries: oil rich Middle Eastern countries (Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia,..) and many African countries (including Nigeria, Angola, Namibia and Niger).

If we focus our attention on the last group and we look at the figures concerning the inequality index and the real gross domestic product and the food consuption, one could see low levels of real GDP (fig) associated with a highly inequal redistribution of wealth with low levels of nutrition.

All the figures above risk, however, to lose meaning, unless we define some key concepts shall be used in the present essay.
It is particularly difficult to exactly define the concepts to analyse the effects of globalization on the Third World, as the enormous quantity of data, from GDP (gross domestic product) (Fig ) the level of education and a definition of development (time is relative and a society, as Islam, developed 600 years after Christianity show not only the resemblance to our Middle Ages structural society, which reports to a similar mode of production ).

The quality of the territory also plays a role in influencing the geo-political structure of a particular area.
In addition to that, the peculiarity of main third world countries depends on the quality and the quantity of exports as well as imports with the will be later defined “core”, the relationship of exploitation of the main Western Empires (formerly Spain, UK, France, Portugal, lately, USA) and the damages colonisers did to the African soil, which brings now, with the increasing of the population doubling in the Sub-Saharan area with a rate of 25 years fig, a black horizon in front of them.

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GlobalisationICT and Nepal

Globalisation is the most talked and debated issue in the contemporary world. It is a concept that escapes precise definition. In most cases, it is described rather than defined. However, it does not mean the same thing for all. For some, globalisation is a process of opening up economies so that trade between countries could take place freely. For them increasing globalisation has helped the expansion of opportunities for nations and benefited workers in rich and poor countries alike. Brings positive benefits for consumers, helping to increase choice, drive down prices, improve services and create new jobs and opportunities. Globalisation can therefore be seen as a positive force for change that has the potential to raise living standards and drive economies forward.

However, this is not readily acceptable for all. Many think globalisation as the concerted strategy of the industrial world, particularly of the Multinational Corporations, to safeguard their interest and spur a new form of colonisation. After opening of our market, our country will become a supermarket of foreign goods, which are cheaper, killing our local industries, increasing many more jobless. For them, globalisation means increasing poverty and deteriorating living standard of the workers, widening disparity between the rich and the poor within the country and also among the countries, and internationalisation of capital to the detriment of labour market. Even for the moderates, globalisation is a process of restructuring the world economy to find ways for business to maximise profits.

The IMF, the World Bank and the WTO and more generally, the high income countries are held responsible for influencing and largely determining the course of the globalisation process. They are also seen as the driving forces behind the policy reforms that the developing countries had to implement as part of their structural adjustment programs under the supervision of the IMF, the World Bank and the WTO. It is obvious that those countries and organisations will only foster their own interests. Globalization has become an unstoppable phenomenon affecting all aspects of our lives. Some Governments, political parties and trade unions often view this development as at best challenging and at worst sinister. Business and their representative organisations, on the other hand, promote the benefits of open trade across political boundaries and the integration of markets to create global opportunities.

Globalization is a process of increasing economic and non-economic linkages across the world. In the broadest sense Globalization implies integration of economies and societies across the globe. It is equated with the massive, irresistible cross-border flow and integration in the movement of goods, technology, labour and capital, resulting mainly from breakthroughs in transportation and communication. In a wider perspective, Globalisation, covers, various activities such as cultural globalisation, political globalisation, ecological globalisation, economic globalization and so on. But Here I am only discussing about economic globalisation. Economic globalisation implies increasing global inter-linkages of the markets in goods, services, capital and financing. Such a process has speeded up in the recent decade. The contributory factors for rapid economic globalisation are liberalisation, deregulation, privatisation, and declining costs of transport and communication.

The micro-electronics revolution has irrevocably changed the essence of human contact to earth. Distances are shrinking and information is spreading faster than ever before. The internet and World Wide Web have helped this process. Perhaps the most important catalyst for globalization is the spread of information and communications technology (ICT). Through the magic of ICT, it is now possible to instantly access useful information through the Internet and the latest computer technology.

While talking about globalisation, we must understand that our national economy has not even internally integrated. Market institutions and forces are yet to emerge in a competitive way. Nearly half of the population lives in absolute poverty and illiteracy. More than 80 per cent of the population earns livelihood from agriculture, which, however, constitutes only 40 per cent of the country's national income. Lack of proper planning process, commitment, accountability, and integrity of the government, and in lack of people's participation in development activities. The developing countries, particularly the least developed countries (LDCs) like Nepal, have not been able to substantially benefit from international trade due to both external as well as internal constraints. The developing countries have not been able to increase their share in international trade in spite of the preferential market access opportunities provided by the developed countries. It has been realised that market access for the developing countries is commercially meaningless if they cannot increase their competitiveness in the sectors in which they have preferential treatment. In the developing countries, lack of efficient production facilities, adequate infrastructure, weak management capacities, low level of technology and lack of technological capacity and inefficient transportation and communication, limits their potential to specialise in crucial productive sectors and to reap the benefit of preferential trading facilities.

For an economy like ours to integrate into the world trading system on terms and conditions favourable to our development needs, we need to build our capacity to negotiate at the multilateral level. This will happen only if we are able to increase our ability to understand the multilateral trading regime espoused by the WTO and formulate our national policies to benefit from it.

We also need to strengthen our capacity to benefit from international trade by increasing our competitiveness through investment in infrastructure, development of human resources, strengthening of institutional capacity, enhancement of technological capability, and supporting local enterprises, including linkages between large and small enterprises. By joining the WTO, Nepal can now fully enjoy the rights that all members have under the WTO agreements, such as non-discrimination by other WTO members and the ability to use the WTO's dispute settlement procedure. This membership will provide tremendous international market opportunities to Nepal. However, taking advantage of the new opportunity will also be quite challenging. Nepal has few industries and hence very little to export. Garments and carpets account for most of the country's total exports. Despite being an agricultural economy, it does not have enough surplus produce. Threats to domestic industries from cheap imports also loom.

ICT allows trade to become simpler and more streamlined, thus increasing the value and speed of transactions. Companies are not limited to physical locations or their own organizational boundaries for providing products and services. Networked information systems are allowing companies to coordinate their geographically distributed capabilities and even coordinate with other organization as virtual corporation. One major advantage of promoting electronic commerce in Nepal is that it can provide relatively cheap access to global markets even for small and medium-sized enterprises in remote areas. Small and medium Enterprises (SMEs) have been playing a significant role in the economic development of Nepal. The major exportable items like woolen carpets, Pashmina products and handicraft goods produced by SMEs have been major sources of earning foreign currency. Potential benefits of e-commerce for the developing countries like Nepal are immense. Any company can enter global markets where size and location have become rather irrelevant. Success in e-commerce will have an immediate impact not only on productivity and profits, but also generate new jobs employment and livelihood.

After accession of WTO, We have tremendous opportunities for exporting our products in the international market. But to substantially benefit from international trade, we must need to strengthen our capacity by increasing our competitiveness through investment in infrastructure, development of human resources, strengthening of institutional capacity, enhancement of technological capability, and supporting local enterprises, including linkages between large and small enterprises. We have been experiencing the fact that the more technologically capable countries continue to dominate their less capable counterparts, effectively monopolizing opportunities for economic growth through their insurmountable advantage in ICT. Given these diverse possibilities occasioned by globalization, it is of extreme necessity for Nepal to re-examine the trends in ICT development worldwide and devise ways by which its advantages can be maximized. This includes the need to extend the breadth and reach of ICT to peoples and sectors that stand to benefit the most, while curtailing its illicit and destructive uses.

Author:

Tika R. Kandel

by kandeltika at gmail dot com

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